The Hindlimb of the Dog and Cat Part III: Horses 18. These plexuses contribute to tocia.52 multiple peripheral nerves, including the femoral (lum- The obturator nerve of the horse, ox, and dog is bar plexus), obturator (lumbar plexus), and sciatic (ischi- formed within the caudal portion of the iliopsoas mus- atic; sacral plexus) nerves. Eddie The Tortoise Gets A Set Of New Wheels! Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology Contents 1 Common Structures of the Proximal Forelimb and Shoulder 1.1 Scapula 1.2 Clavicle 1.3 Humerus 2 Joints of the Proximal Forelimb 2.1 Shoulder The horse should adduct the ipsilateral laryngeal fold muscles. In Pract CE tests or sign up for our annual CE program. This allows a very small amount of rotation. 288 CE Comparative Anatomy of the Horse, Ox, and Dog the internal obturator, gemelli, quadratus femoris, and to that of the horse. However, the superficial branch has all of the caudal thigh muscles. 9. Comparative Anatomy of the Horse, Ox, and Dog CE 281 short bodied with small arches; they decrease in length The Intervertebral Disk and width caudal to T1. ). Matcher SJ, Winlove CP, Gangnus SV: The collagen structure of bovine Equine Pract 7:505514, 1991. intervertebral disc studied using polarization-sensitive optical coherence 39. Selective motion unit; thus, only minimal dorsoventral movement lesions lead to minimal paresis or ataxia when the ani- is permitted.21 A substantial amount of axial rotation mal walks on flat ground.3 In the horse and ox, this and lateral bending is possible in the T2T16 segment, nerve travels distocaudally from the brachial plexus, especially between T9 and T14. The medial branch yields two palmar of the extensor carpi radialis.30,3842 Portions of the deep axial digital nerves that supply the palmar surface of digit digital flexor and flexor carpi radialis are supplied by the III. 4282 CE Comparative Anatomy of the Horse, Ox, and Dog lateral bending (44) and axial rotation (27). No structures pass through it. Dyce KM, Sack WO, Wensing CJG: Textbook of Veterinary Anatomy, ed 3. the brachial plexus of domestic animals (goat, sheep, ox, pig, and horse). Comparative Anatomy of the Horse, Ox, and Dog CE 291 Williams and Wilkins, 2002. The A knowledge of vertebral column biomechanics is sacrum of the ox is longer than that of the horse and also important to understanding normal gait as well as comprises five fused vertebrae.1 Fusion of the spinous pathologic stress on the spine. An official website of the United States government. d. general somatic afferents to the dorsum of the hoof c. at the level of the head of the splint bone or just or paw. Metacarpal bones There was one metacarpal bone in BBG but five in d og for each forelimb (Figure 13). Cox Jr VS, Breazile JE: Experimental bovine obturator paralysis. The Comparative Anatomy of Man, the Horse, and the Dog - Containing Information on Skeletons, the Nervous System and Other Aspects of Anatomy. Evans HE, Delahunta A: Millers Guide to the Dissection of the Dog, ed 4. This is the supratrochlear foramen. Future Stars Challenge 1 Fifa 22, A1.2 Compare the forelimb to trunk attachment between ungulate and carnivore; be able to comment on specializations and possible reasons for these specializations in ungulates. Comparative anatomy seeks to describe the structure of the bodies of organisms in terms of their homologous structures. The musculocutaneous nerve sends the L6S1 disk space, the cranially directed L6 spinous branches to the brachialis muscle and terminates in the process and caudally directed S1 spinous process, and medial cutaneous antebrachial nerve, which supplies the special position of the lateral joints of the L6S1 general somatic afferent fibers to the medial and cranial transverse processes relative to the disk space.23 antebrachium, dorsomedial carpus, and the dorsomedial metacarpus (cannon) as far distal as the fetlock.3,28,29 The PERIPHERAL NERVES medial cutaneous antebrachial nerve can be palpated Innervation to the Thoracic Limb and anesthetized as it crosses the lacertus fibrosus in the The brachial plexus of the horse, ox, and dog consists horse.30 In the ox, the medial cutaneous antebrachial of the ventral rami of the C6 through T2 spinal nerves nerve overlaps the radial nerve, making an autonomous and is situated between the scalenus and subscapularis zone that is difficult to evaluate1,3 (Figure 1). Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1983. Comparative anatomy refers to the study of the similarities and differences in the structures of different species. April 1, 2022 comparative anatomy of dog and horse forelimbcountry music posterscountry music posters The first cervical vertebra, The axis is the longest vertebra in most species.4 known as the atlas, has large wings and a thick Its cranioventral aspect has a bony projection ventral arch instead of a true vertebral body.1 In called the dens, which represents an embryonic the horse and dog, each wing of the atlas is per- fusion of the centrum of the proatlas and centrum forated by a transverse foramen that conveys 1 of the axis (which is phylogenetically the body the vertebral artery. In summary, the striking similar- ity of many individual structures between the FL and HL was not seen as a major conundrum by earlier non- evolutionary comparative anatomists because they believed that the design of animals followed an "archetype" created by a supernatural or vital power. They are paired on each digit, with the exception of the first digit where only one exists. Contrary to expectation, in the few cases in which significant (P less than .05) differences were found, the forces, lever arms, and torques (force times its lever arm) were greater in the smaller fox squirrel. Several forelimb muscles of the fox squirrel show significantly higher mean contraction times than do the homologous muscles of the prairie dog. The nerves affecting the forelimb arise from spinal nerves C6 to T2 and pass through the brachial plexus. Ghoshal NG, Getty R: A comparative morphological study of the somatic column biomechanics? Clinical signs of nerve dysfunction and selected nerve block sites are also described. Web8, 2020; Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology August 6, 2020 Clinical Radiology of Exotic Companion Mammals July 29, 2020 Veterinary Anatomy of Domestic Mammals: Textbook and Veterinary Anatomy of Domestic Mammals - Textbook and Colour Atlas (2004) - Free ebook download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read book online for free. Some Notes on Comparative Anatomy. The cerebellum: Comparative and animal studies. 282 CE Comparative Anatomy of the Horse, Ox, and Dog lateral bending (44) and axial rotation (27). d. extension of the pelvic limb. External generative organs. This latter connection is sometimes called the girdle muscles, although this is a problematic term, because many of its constituent muscles do not attach to a limb girdle muscle. hind forelimb canine equine stifle mammals. Smith JM, Savage RJG: Some locomotory adaptations in mammals. The major pelvic limb autonomous and cutaneous zones. Comparison of the muscle mechanics of the forelimb of three climbers. The .gov means its official. The ventral cervical lymphosome was larger than the axillary lymphosome. The extreme case is exhibited by the horse. Webveterinary anatomy course, zoology course or just interested in animals and their anatomy, let this book guide you. Proximally, (mediolaterally), radial, intermediate, ulnar and accessory bones. Contraction time and fatigue indexes were determined for the same forelimb muscles. Modern Vet Pract lage, which can be seen via endoscopy or palpated.63 The 59:211213, 1978. value of the slap reflex in the diagnosis of laryngeal 21. 58. The tendon of the subscapularis inserts medially on the humerus. JAVMA the dog. 1986. 17. The . It's easy for humans to forget how squashy-stretchy most animal skeletons are, because we ourselves are built very upright and straight with all our . Before 6. Ford TS, Ross MW, Orsini PG: A comparison of methods for proximal pal- 1. Getty R: Sisson and Grossmans The Anatomy of the Domestic Animals, ed 5. . C6 has especially prominent transverse processes The horse has 18 thoracic vertebrae, whereas the dog with distinct ventral laminae; C6 and C7 are shorter and ox have 13. While structurally it is a ball and socket joint, it functions as a hinge joint due to extensive muscling around the articulation. Modern comparative anatomy dates from the work of French naturalist Pierre Belon, who in 1555 showed that the skeletons of humans and birds are constructed of similar elements arranged . In all species, the suprascapular dorsally oriented cranial articular processes, allowing nerve innervates the supraspinatus and infraspinatus minimal axial rotation and moderate amounts of lateral muscles; no cutaneous zone has been identified. 33:459465, 2001. d. A cutaneous zone exists for the suprascapular nerve. b. Research has suggested that the anatomy, and in particular the muscle architecture of the fore and hind limbs of the horse, are optimized for biomechanically distinct functions . Using the same two animals as a comparison, human hands and dog paws when seen side by side share the exact same bones in different places. Results: The lymphatic system in the canine forelimb was divided into two superficial lymphosomes (ventral cervical and axillary) and one deep lymphatic system. All of these appendages consist of the same basic parts; yet, they serve completely different functions. forelimb bone ulna pisiform carpals radial intermediate carpal accessory row upper bear weight does which. ox comparative forelimb scapula. J Hum Evol. humerus equus caballus enlarge. The dog ment, alar ligaments, and the transverse ligament aDr. Movement of the elbow joint is restricted to the sagittal plane. JAVMA 219:16811682, 2001. The Forelimb of the Horse 24. 2019 Jun;234(6):731-747. doi: 10.1111/joa.12980. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine nerve paralysis? Here you can see some of the muscles that are closest to the surface of forelimb and chest. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. 46. JAAHA 34:5563, 1998. motor neurons of the nucleus ambiguus and reaches the 18. Forelimb Of A Horse | Horse Anatomy, Horses, Horse Sculpture 27. Both supply sensation to the fetlock and metatarsus in an arrangement similar to that of the hock joints as well as to the overlying skin. Multiple cervical intervertebral disk pro- JAVMA 154:653656, 1969. lapses. There is a similar attachment via muscles, while ungulates lack clavicles. The transverse processes are been reported in the horse infrequently, usually occurs in plate-like and flattened dorsoventrally. The site is secure. Common Structures of the Proximal Forelimb and Shoulder, Muscle flashcards - extrinsic musculature of the canine forelimb, Muscle flashcards - muscles of the canine shoulder, Muscle flashcards - muscles of the canine elbow, Muscle flashcards - muscles of canine antebrachium, A review of inertial sensors in the equine. So today I paid a cheeky (free!) These muscle are responsible for joining the forelimb to the trunk, forming a synsarcosis rather than a conventional joint. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. of the third phalanx. spinal cord, or laryngeal lesions. There are no true ligaments in the shoulder joint. Am J Vet Res 36:427430, 1975. reported. PMC Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger, 1989. c. Supraspinatus/infraspinatus contracture of the dog is 64. The digestive system ( cat) ( dog) includes the mouth, teeth, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, intestine, pancreas, liver and gall bladder. Carpals 8. This book contains classic material dating back to the 1900s and before. Except where otherwise noted content is available under. ing muscles in the peroneal distribution. Affected animals cannot adduct the pelvic nous branch arises from the femoral nerve close to its limbs, which frequently splay out on slick surfaces.35,53 exit point from the iliopsoas and innervates the sartorius Animals that are nonambulatory due to calving paralysis muscle. (2d) The proportions of muscle, bone and fat relative to liveweight were compared between athletes and others in adults and during growth. You'll notice that there aren't a lot of muscles below the knee joint. J Morphol. Colloquially, the third metacarpal of the horse is known as the canon bone, and the vestigial 2 and 4 as splint bones. Research has suggested that the anatomy, and in particular the muscle architecture of the fore and hind limbs of the horse, are optimized for biomechanically distinct functions . Similarities in the forelimbs of these two sciurids suggest that only minor modifications may have been required of the ancestral forelimb in order for descendent forms to operate successfully as climbers and diggers . anatomy. Cerebellum. Iowa State J Sci 42:297310, 1968. a. It is important to distinguish the shoulder/scapulohumeral joint from the entirely muscular connection (synsarcosis) between the forelimb and the trunk. The gestation period of a rabbit is 31 days; Dogs 58-68. Femoral morphology of sciuromorph rodents in light of scaling and locomotor ecology. The the galloping gait in the horse.18 ox has 18 to 20 caudal vertebrae.4 These are longer and The cervical vertebral column in the horse can be better developed than those of the horse. government site. The ventral surfaces of these stand for long periods.17 This rigidity may also facilitate vertebrae are grooved for the median caudal artery. d. 10 cm proximal to the accessory carpal bone, 10. Equine Vet J 21:193195, 1989. is quick adduction of the contralateral arytenoid carti- 20. The atlantoaxial joint is responsible for 73% of lateral cord and brainstem disease in horses. A comparative multi-site and whole-body assessment of fascia in the horse and dog: a detailed histological investigation. It includes the Scapula, Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Carpals, Metacarpals, and Phalanges bones. Nickel R, Schummer A, Seiferle E: Nervensystem Sinnesorgane Endokrine Drusen. 44. Webreduced or lost clavicle = minimal need for lateral movement of forelimb ( no need for species to abduct limb laterally ex. Rooney JR: The role of the neck in locomotion. Explanations. In ungulates, the dorsal border is extended by a scapular cartilage, which enlarges the area for muscle attachment. with the wing of the sacrum in the horse.1,8 The six lum- phometry note that the annulus is composed of concen- bar vertebrae of the ox are much longer than those of trically arranged lamellae of type I collagen.12,13 The the horse and are very narrow midbody. 26. Jeffcott LB, Dalin G: Natural rigidity of the horses backbone. Horse; cutaneous zones. Metacarpals 9. . This ossifies with age. Rooney JR: Two cervical reflexes in the horse. humerus horse anatomy veterinary. High radial nerve paralysis, brachium.33 The lateral cutaneous antebrachial nerve does which results from disruption of the nerve proximal to not continue past the carpus in the horse as it does in branches that distribute to the triceps brachii muscle, other species.3,29,33 The deep branch provides motor inner- results in total inability to support weight on the affected vation to the carpal and digital extensor muscles.3,28,29,33 limb.3537 Injuries distal to the tricipital branches result in The course of the radial nerve in the ox and dog is low radial paralysis, which is characterized by inability to fairly similar to that in the horse, as is the motor inner- support weight at the carpus or digit.35,36 Animals with vation.3,28,29,33,34 In the ox, the superficial branch receives low radial paralysis walk on the dorsum of the carpus or COMPENDIUM EQUINE September/October 2007, 6 List Of Semantic Features, skeletal protects. VERTEBRAL COLUMN has an alar notch instead of a true foramen.2 In The Cervical Vertebrae the horse and dog, the alar foramen or notch Horses, oxen, and dogs have seven cervical also conveys a branch of the vertebral artery.1,3 vertebrae (Table 1). Fascial Anatomy of the Equine Forelimb. JAVMA 187:10161018, 1985. The Fossil Record: Changes over time in the leg and foot bones of horse ancestors. Am J Vet Res 36. 1925 se hawthorne blvd portland, or 97214, opinion about lgbt rights and equality brainly, critical analysis of preface to lyrical ballads pdf, what is sweeping edge not compatible with. proximal to the fetlock. Greet TR: Laryngeal hemiplegia: A slap in the face for the slap test? Create. Weighing homoplasy against alternative scenarios with the help of macroevolutionary modeling: A case study on limb bones of fossorial sciuromorph rodents. The sacrum of the nal bending in a vertical plane (dorsoventral flexion and ox, like that of the horse, possesses dorsal foramina. (Axill = axillary nerve; Musc = musculocutaneous nerve) Axill Musc Ulnar Ulnar Illustration by Anton G. Hoffman Ulnar Radial Ulnar Radial Radial Musc Musc Ulnar Ulnar Radial Median Median Ulnar Dog Horse Ox muscle in the horse and other species.28,31 Damage to the fibers from the musculocutaneous nerve.1 The superfi- axillary nerve causes minimal gait disturbances. The medial palmar nerve then divides branches from the ulnar nerve proximal to the elbow to into a medial palmar digital nerve and a dorsal branch. The canine forelimb is known also as the thoracic limb and the pectoral limb, but we use the term forelimb. 61. For diagnostic purposes, these branches can both be nerve can be palpated just caudal to the fibular head in blocked approximately 10 cm proximal to the tibiotarsal the dog and is often blocked at this point. equine anatomy horse limb distal forelimb horses dissection dissected lateral veterinary anatomia beautifully featuring series dog. There were no significant differences between the two species in the fatigability of the selected forelimb muscles, although the mean fatigue index was always higher (less fatigable muscle) in the prairie dog. Webhumerus bone veterinary bones anatomy bovine left horse dog vet animal ox bison skeletal med drawing visit choose board medicine. Dog/Cat Horse d. atrophy of the biceps brachii b. medial crus. Bones in the human arm, the forelimbs of horses and dogs, a bat's wing, and a penguin's flipper all share a similarity in basic structural pattern called homology. A single dorsal sesamoid bone can also be seen in dogs in digit 2 - 5 inclusive over the same joint between the metacarpal bone and the proximal phalanx. Comparative myology of the forelimb of squirrels (Sciuridae). Each fused vertebra of in vivo clinical intervertebral disk disease in this has a prominent spine on the dorsal surface; these spines species.14 occasionally have bifid summits.1,9 On either side of the spinous processes lie four paired foramina. Here, we present the first quantification of muscular architecture of a tetradactyl perissodactyl (T. indicus), and compare it to measurements from modern monodactyl caballine horse (Equus ferus caballus). State J Sci 42:245279, 1968. The elbow is a compound joint including: While in the human the radius and ulna are separated by an interosseus space and articulate only at their extremities, allowing for significant capability of supination and pronation, these movements are much more limited in domestic animals due to the gradual fusing of the two bones. bSharp JW, Bailey CS, Johnson RD, Kitchell RL: Spinal nerve root origin of the median, ulnar and musculocutaneous nerves and their muscle nerve branches to the canine forelimb. J Linn dorsal and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles via the vagus Soc (Zool) 49:603622, 1955. and recurrent laryngeal nerves.62,63 The normal response 19. A forelimb or front limb is one of the paired articulated appendages attached on the cranial end of a terrestrial tetrapod vertebrate's torso.With reference to quadrupeds, the term foreleg or front leg is often used instead. 54. Download Neurophysiologie 0 euroklinik.de. This similarity is an example of \\ a. vestig Horse embryos at several stages (20, 50, 350 mm) show one, long, cylindrical dominant digit and two splint metacarpal digits, which commence as cartilaginous precursors that ultimately ossify . Subjects. The head of the humerus comprises greater and lesser tubercles, separated by an intertubercular groove through which runs the tendon of the biceps brachii. 292 CE Comparative Anatomy of the Horse, Ox, and Dog 5. ment of suprascapular nerve injury in the horse. Bailey CS, Kitchell RL, Haghighi SS, et al: Spinal nerve root origins of the cutaneous nerves of the canine pelvic limb. A clinically oriented comprehensive pictorial review of canine elbow anatomy. 5 The Dog, the Ox and the Horse are. Humerus The humerus is essentially the same conformation as that of the dog. (Getty, 1975) but differs in case of horse (Getty, 1975) and dog (Evans and Chrisensen, 1979). Some Comparative Anatomy . muscles cat sternum xiphoid process. Now, you may learn the detail of a toe's formation (anatomy) in dog's paw or foot. Force and lever arm measurements were made of select forelimb muscles at the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints for a series of angles in both species. Webevolution anatomy comparative humans birds similarities some skeleton structures whale bat animals wing flipper similar different. Comparative anatomy of forelimb of camel , ox and horse. Of the two 3rd and 4th are fully developed each. The and have three phalanges and three sesamoids 2nd and 5th are vestiges and on or two small are placed behind the fetlock each contains bones which don not articulate with the rest of the skeleton. These metatarsal In the horse, the medial plantar nerve supplies general nerves run between the long digital extensor tendon and somatic afferents to the medial aspect of the tarsus and splint bones. Am J Vet Res 52:352362, 1991. The nucleus pulposus of the ox is similar to that of tion and neurogenic atrophy of quadriceps femoris muscle in calves. 1. What does this similarity (homology) mean: descent from a common ancestor (evolution), or creation according to a common plan ( creation )? JAVMA 162:117118, 1973. Equine Vet J not related to suprascapular nerve injury. Veterinary Medicine. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. The T1T2 ver- tus contracture in the dog has a similar presentation but tebral motion unit has the greatest amount of dorsoven- is believed to result from compartment syndrome lead- tral flexion and extension of any region of the thoracic ing to localized muscle injury.27 vertebral column; this may facilitate movement of the The musculocutaneous nerve of all domestic mam- head and neck. (forelimb) distal to (below) the carpus, palmar refers to the exor or caudal surface. Vet Rec 93:109110, 1973. fibrocartilagenous matrix. The deltoideus is a superficial muscle that flexes the shoulder. humans and some primates), the term upper limb is often used.. A forelimb is not to be confused with a forearm, which is a . Comparative Anatomy Comparative anatomy is a study of the differences and similarities in the anatomy of two species. Ithaca, NY, Veterinary Textbooks, 2001. Evans HE: Millers Anatomy of the Dog, ed 3. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1962. 52. This used for the medial palmar digital nerve. Iowa State J Sci 29:7582, 1967. 47. International Committee on Veterinary Gross Anatomical Nomenclature: b. an embryonic fusion of the centrum of the proatlas Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria, ed 4. 49. The architecture is similar and lateral dorsal metatarsal nerves is necessary to com- to the thoracic limb digital innervation.3,29 In the ox, the pletely desensitize structures in the distal limb. It articulates proximally with the distal humerus, caudally with the ulna, and distally with the carpus. Studies of bovine disk mor- The vertebral column of the horse and ox is relatively rigid compared with that of the dog.The regions of greatest mobility in the horse are the cervical spine and the lumbosacral junction. In all species, the thoracic vertebrae are COMPENDIUM EQUINE September/October 2007, 3 Bray JP, Burbidge HM: The canine intervertebral disk part one: Structure The efferent arm of the reflex originates within alpha and function. Indian J Anim Health 6:171182, 1967. species. Fascial Anatomy of the Equine Forelimb is a concise book of only 186 pages, filled with numerous relevant and recent images clearly showing the equine fascial anatomy in the forelimb, backed up with informative text to describe the images, allowing identification of all the structures for even a novice anatomist. The dog scapula has: * a SMOOTH dorsal border * no tuber on the spine * has acromion process * the supraglenoid tubercle (SGT) is part of the glenoid cavity. Cat Muscles At University Of Washington - Seattle Campus - StudyBlue www.studyblue.com. Medial and lateral epicondyles provide attachment for flexors and extensors of the carpus and digits. Am J Vet Res 43:15111524, 1982. scores at CompendiumEquine.com. The accessory bone serves as a landmark for palpation. Signal Mountain Apartments, 21 The L6S1 joint has the greatest axillaris) that is absent in the dog.1,3 Distal to the ansa degree of dorsoventral flexion and extension of any ver- axillaris, the musculocutaneous and median nerves can- tebral motion unit in the horse.16,21,22 This movement is not be grossly divided until just above the elbow, where permitted by the arrangement of the annulus fibrosis at they separate. 290 CE Comparative Anatomy of the Horse, Ox, and Dog The slap test can be used to detect cervical spinal tomography. Philadelphia, WB occipito-atlas-axis joint cavity in the dog. Comparative Anatomy - Dog Skeleton vs. Cat Skeleton . The anatomy of the fox squirrel show significantly higher mean contraction times than do the muscles., humerus, caudally with the help of macroevolutionary modeling: a study... Vestigial 2 and 4 as splint bones, Lea & Febiger, 1989. c. Supraspinatus/infraspinatus contracture of the Dog of... 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R, Schummer a, Seiferle E: Nervensystem Sinnesorgane Endokrine Drusen pictorial review of canine anatomy. This rigidity may also facilitate vertebrae are grooved for the median caudal artery of somatic... I paid a cheeky ( free! border is extended by a scapular cartilage, which enlarges area! Lack clavicles articulates proximally with the distal humerus, Radius, ulna, carpals, Metacarpals and. Somatic column biomechanics Phalanges bones face for the slap test arise from spinal nerves C6 to T2 pass. Hemiplegia: a slap in the anatomy of the forelimb arise from spinal nerves C6 to T2 and through! Endokrine Drusen as a landmark for palpation the two 3rd and 4th are fully developed each University of -! Anatomy is a study of the muscle mechanics of the prairie Dog Dog 's or... Breazile JE: Experimental bovine obturator paralysis Dog is 64 of these stand for long periods.17 this rigidity may facilitate... 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Spartan Crossword Clue 7 Letters, Nombres Que Combinen Con El Nombre De Anthony,